Gravity is the weak electrostatic attraction between atoms.
Gravity is a simple Electro Mechanical System. The attractive forces are greater than the repulsive between atoms because the attractive work together. It's like two against one.

Because the repulsive and attractive are acting simultaneously, objects don't fall at the speed of light. (So to speak.)

Imagine each individual atom in the Earth is acting on each individual atom in your body.  And as a side note, this is why all things fall at the same rate in a vacuum. 

It doesn't matter how many atoms there are because gravity is working on each individual atom.

So now the realization arises;
There is zero gravity but great pressure at the center of the Earth.

To simply demonstrate how the Gravitational Force builds between atoms, observe the following drawings;

To physically experience the effect of Attraction and Repulsion, get two magnets and push the two N together. Notice how the two deflect.

Now try N to S and you will see they are always
locked in because they work together.
Electrostatics behave in the same manner.
The attractive are always greater than the repulsive.

Most will agree with my assumption that attraction
is greater than repulsion. But, I received this argument about the forces extending outside an atom;
“Orbits are an equilibrium of forces. One aspect of inequality is mass differences, but the forces are equal and opposite in Newton's mechanics”.

That is correct inside any particular atom if there were only one atom in the universe. Because the electromagnetic range is infinite, (It's the law and is self evident) There simply has to be a very slight attraction between atoms. For simplicity sake we will have to start with some Hydrogen atoms. 

Observe this example of a two, three, and four Hydrogen Atom gravitational system;   

Now, multiply this concept to equal the number of atoms in the Earth and everything on it, and there you have it! Gravity. Every atom in a system is interconnected. All atoms have different gravitational properties depending on their atomic number. It becomes a random additive field. 

Or as Walter Babin said, "It's a Residual...."

Because the attraction decreases by the square as the distance doubles (from the collective source), the atoms closest to you under your feet are having greater influence than those on the other side of the planet. 

So, If you are driving your car from say, New Haven, CT, to Ocean City, MD, a whole group of different atoms are taking over as you travel along. And, as you travel away from the Earth, it all appears as a point source.

So now all the below arises;
1. There is zero gravity at the center of the Earth.

2. A gravimeter lowered down the deepest oil well will show a decrease in gravity. 

3. Gravity varies across the globe because of varying crust material as demonstrated by the USGS gravitational surveys in Nevada and Afghanistan. 

4. Gravity is manifested in a "BEAM" form rather than a "WELL" as "you know who", worked it out........

The moon creates the tides;

The Moon actually cancels a portion of the Earth's Gravity causing a bulge on  opposite sides of the Earth.

To me, all things are basically simple. Gravity is a simple. It's incoherent Electromagnetism. In that each atom is a tiny weak Electromagnet. (some better than others)They are not all pointed in the same direction and can't be aligned to do so as in an Iron magnet. 

You are walking around on this planet. You have to admit, it feels like a big magnet. Bringing in a bit of Henri Poincare (April 29, 1854-July 17, 1912), and a bit of Walter Babin (1934-2000 - I do miss Walter), Gravity becomes;

The Dynamical Chaotic Residual of the Incoherent Electromagnetism of all the Individual Atoms Contained in an Object or System.

A picture is worth a thousand words and maybe 100,000 math formulas. Because gravity is a Dynamical Chaotic Residual, it cannot be discovered through mathematics. Gravity must be visualized as a mechanical system that can be then generally described by mathematics. It's simple;

The more atoms you have, the more gravity you have!!

Thank you for your time. 

        For a Pressurized Water Nuclear Reactor, Uranium is enriched to achieve 5% U-235 and 95% U-238. U-235 occurs at 1% in nature and is what makes the process happen. The mixture is formed into pellets. The pellets are placed into long tubes which are then arranged with spacing for cooling water channels into what are called fuel assemblies. 

      The fuel assemblies are shipped by truck to the reactor site. They're not highly radioactive. There are some spontaneous fissions but the resulting Neutrons are fast Neutrons. Fast Neutrons just bounce off the U-235 nuclei.           

      It is not until the fuel assemblies are installed into the reactor vessel and water is added that things start to happen. Boron control rods that absorb Neutrons stop the reaction from starting. The control rods are slowly withdrawn to expose a portion of the reactor core to itself. Spontaneous fission neutrons enter the water channels striking Protons in the water, slowing them down. (Not unlike a queue ball striking a billiard ball where the queue stops and the billiard ball moves on.)

     The slowed neutron then migrates through the water channel into adjacent fuel where it encounters a U-235 atom, is “absorbed” and the U-235 subsequently fissions. The fission rate proceeds and a criticality factor = 1 is maintained. That is, one fission creates one more fission, no more, no less. The Boron control rods are periodically withdrawn to expose new U-235 as the initial exposure starts to burn out. The water has two functions;

     1. It provides cooling.

     2. It is the moderator that controls the fission rate. Neutron's have to be slowed down because fast Neutrons just bounce off the U-235 nuclei. Too much fission and the water heats up, becomes less dense and less Neutrons are slowed down decreasing fission rate. Cooler water, more fission occurs. The water moderator maintains the criticality factor = 1. The Reactor is in a sense, Self Moderating.

      In addition, some of the U-238 absorbs some of the slowed neutrons. It becomes U-239 which decays by Beta to become Neptunium 239 (Np-239) which again decays by Beta to become best friend, Plutonium 239. In effect, the reactor manufactures more fuel for itself. In fact, Fast Breeder Reactors 

      So, the big question is; 

Why do the Neutrons have to be slowed down?

(If you liked anything up to this point, You’re going to love this.)

     The answer is; Time........

     Given that a "Free" Neutron decays to an Electron and a Proton in about 14 minutes, it's obviously a particle that contains both Positive and Negative components.

     A slowed Neutron has the very small amount of time required to become polarized in order to attach itself to the surface of the U-235 and subsequently be absorbed to cause fission to occur. Observe;

    Bombs are different. It is desirable to go from a criticality factor of .9 to 2 in less than 10 generations. Introducing Tritium into a Pu-239 pit just prior to detonation provides an abundance of stationary neutrons for fission. Also a Be-4 reflector slows and returns first generation detonation Neutrons to the pit giving us a most efficient 5 kiloton yield from a less than non reflected critical mass. 

The Atom 

Author; Eric Sabo, East Haddam, Ct. 

Mar 1, 2009 

     In 1913 Neils Bohr, based on Rutherford’s 1911 model, suggested that electrons orbit the atom’s nucleus like the planets in the solar system. To this day, there is no photographic evidence that this is a true statement. (I do, however subscribe to it.) Wolfgang Pauli introduced Quantum Mechanics in 1925 to rectify inadequacies in the Rutherford-Bohr model. 

     Pauli proposes that electrons pair up in energy levels. What immediately jumps out is why would two negatively charged particles pair up at all unless they were in orbiting 180° from each other? If they are assigned an opposite spin, conveniently, pairing becomes possible. 

     Scientists always have a need to have everything fit into neat quantitative packages. This is true in electron configuration, sub-atomic particles, and quark models. Myself, I think that Henri Poincaire’s Dynamical Chaos comes into play more than not. 

     More accurately, it’s all about Dynamical Chaos that manages to fall into parameters. The thought occurs to me that in the case of the Hydrogen atom, if we bring the Aether "Halflet" scenario into play, and incorporating Quantum Mechanics, it becomes possible the electron manifests itself as a spinning cloud of its Halflets. 

     The electron becomes a quantity of Halflets. The cloud finds the radius as the balance point between repulsion, attraction and centrifugal force. The cloud could change shape depending upon the atoms role in molecular construction. 

     An electron then takes particle form when pulled out of the cloud to form a molecular bond. Also, when a photon strikes the cloud, it is absorbed, expanding the cloud. Too much expansion and an electron mass then pops out creating havoc. 

     To rejoin the cloud, either a photon or more has to be re-emitted or a chemical bond is formed. As far as EM spectral emissions go, electrons pop in and out of the cloud emitting the photons necessary to produce the emissions depending on the atom and cloud size and density. 

     Not suggesting any should change horses midstream, Here is an idea drawn up with a drafting program with the cloud displayed as electron masses. This becomes useful to illustrate atomic balance. It seems logical the cloud would possess some gyroscopic stability. 

     With Helium we see;

 The Helium atom is balanced like a gyroscope, therefore stable. It is possible that electron arrangement changes to become the most gyroscopically stable to fit each atoms role in any given situation. 

When we move up to 3Li-6, that’s where Poincaire’s Dynamical Chaos comes into play again. The cloud is not given to symmetry. It is at best an unhappy arrangement; 

     It becomes apparent that 1, 2 and 3 electrons are the magic numbers for valence electrons. After that groups of 4 and combinations of 4 and 2 electrons are the stable elements. 1 electron quantity up or down and fireworks happen. Lithium is highly reactive. Put some Li in water and LiOH is quickly formed. 

     When it comes to chemical bonding, the shared electron quantity no longer travel in the shell. They electron quantity exists as a particle at a point 2x normal electron shell. The Lithium two unshared then pair and gyroscopically stabilize. LiOH is still reactive. It seems possible that the distribution of charge on the surface of any nucleus could vary to fit any given situation. 

     Moving up to 4Be-5, it has 4 electrons. With proposed 4 electrons orbiting in equal distribution to one another. It looks pretty stable. It becomes obvious that all electron quantities in any atom all exist in one shell.Their distribution is governed by their relation to one another and influenced by surrounding atoms.

      If we could go back to hydrogen, we must address diatomic Hydrogen. This arrangement arises. Notice the distribution of charges on the nuclear surface that prevents more than a diatomic arrangement from forming. The two hydrogen share the two electrons in a bond that is not as strong as a molecular bond. It is a secondary bond.

      Diatomic Nitrogen; 

Diatomic Oxygen; 

The water molecule; 

     Where is the 105° angle? Because we are looking at a single atom there is none. If the universe consisted of one water molecule, the above is what it would probably look like. Most likely, the above is what it looks like in vapor form. As cooling occurs, the distance between the nuclei decreases. Below would be the liquid where the molecular bonds wobble and flex, cushioned by the rest of the electrons. In these configurations the molecule is actually sort of tri-polar, with 2 positive ends and a negative center doughnut; 

     It’s in the solid form that the 105° angle appears. The angle is caused by the surrounding atoms and decreased space between atoms; 

It's probably a safe bet it is the reason Snowflakes take on a Hexagonal shape.

     The bottom line is, electron shell shape and molecular configuration is influenced by all the surrounding atoms. 

     Where we are going with this is the Iron atom. With all the electrons in one shell with equal distribution, I have four electrons per orbit in six orbits (24) and the last two in black (making 26) all running in sync. It looks pretty stable with the pair of 2 being the oddball. It does not exist in the real world as it is usually bound to something. 

     We are led to the following to explain magnetism. Apparently, above 912°C, the crystal structure of iron is Face Centered Cubic. (FCC) This is the best rendition I could come up with. Bear with me. The center of the face has the atom with 22 orbiting electrons (5 groups of 4, a pair, and four bonding = 26) In these drawings the remaining orbiting electron quantities become irrelevant to the process. 

     At 912°C, the crystal structure changes to Body Centered Cubic. It’s at this point that Poincaire’s dynamical play into the operation. To go from FCC to BCC, The number of bonds between atoms goes from 4 to 8. In the transition, 4 electrons have to make the jump. But which 4 will it be? I suggest it is a random call. But, before it is settled, more than four start to make the jump. I have chosen the four blue and the black pair. They start to leave orbit. 

     Suppose the four blue are accepted as the bonds. The black pair have started to make the jump also. The black pair continues on and lands mid-point between the adjacent nuclei. They then orbit around an apparent nuclear vortex created mid-point by the adjacent nuclei forming a secondary bond not unlike H2, N2, and O2. In BCC structure only 16 electrons remain in orbit. (16 + 8 bond + black pair =26)

      Because there is still too much energy in the crystal the black pair is oscillating and wobbling. Also, the transition proceeds in two directions – horizontal and vertical. As the iron cools, the space between atoms decreases. 

     At this point we have some secondary bonding black pairs at the left and some at the top. When the Curie point (770°C) is reached, the spacing and relation of all the atoms become tuned to stabilize the black pairs. 

     Because magnetism is self reinforcing, the black pairs begin to align themselves locally. The alignment grows and cascades through the iron (probably in the direction of greatest length) and the iron becomes magnetic all by itself. 

At this point, it is all a pretty delicate balance. As cooling and contracting progresses, it is in a non uniform manner. Some black pairs jump to find the a more accommodating location and the iron demagnetizes. 

     Eventually at room temperature, the black pairs have stabilized in various directions. Whole regions have aligned to form domains. But overall, they are not pointed in the same direction. Take an iron bar and put 100 VDC potential across it for a few seconds, and all the black pairs migrate to the same face and voila! A magnet! 

     There is a void at the right face center and protrusion at the left. Thus North and South poles are produced and reinforced by each atom in the line. Place an iron bar at one end and it becomes an extension of the magnet. Leave the bar there long enough and it retains some alignment. Bang on a magnet (compressing and deforming the structure) or heat it (add energy), the pairs jump out of alignment and focus is lost. Here is an end view; 

Thank you for your time, 

Eric Sabo

     I have been selling this idea for years with little success. When Walter Babin saw it as a “residual”. I liked that viewpoint. When I asked him “Why does no one see this mechanism as a viable explanation?” He offered;

“Whether it’s a vested interest or Pavlovian response, they cling to their beliefs like religious zealots.” -Walter Babin      

     Those are powerful words that reflect a truthful perspective no matter what the field of endeavor. I, myself think three things;

1. The current thinking in this area is built on 17^th century thinking. This different perspective has been simply overlooked based on what has been engrained in current curriculum. 

2. Thinking in this area has always been left to those who can afford to do so. This is common in all areas of human endeavor.

3. Apparently, it has been difficult throughout history for new ideas to gain acceptance. The following quotes seem to apply;

"A new scientific truth does not triumph by convincing its opponents and making them see the light, but rather because its opponents eventually die, and a new generation grows up that is familiar with it": Max Planck –

"First they tell you you're wrong and they can prove it; then they tell you you're right but it isn't important; then they tell you it's important but they knew it all along"- Charles Kettering –